Meanwhile, dead load refers to permanent roof load factors, like the shingle and decking weight. Live lead refers to temporary weight factors affecting the roof, including wind, snow, and a contractor on the roof. The two main roof load categories are live load and dead load. Instead, you can only adjust the rafter spacing to match the span. Unfortunately, you cannot change the span after building the structure. Generally, the shorter the span, the wider the maximum allowable rafter spacing. The span directly impacts rafter spacing. Instead, it’s measured parallel to the ceiling or floor. So, it’s not the rafter’s diagonal length. Rafter span is the rafter projection horizontally from the ridge to the wall. Meanwhile, 2×4 and 2×6 rafters are ideal for closely-spaced rafters. Generally, you need thicker dimensional lumber (2×8 or higher) for wider-spaced rafters, especially at 24 inches on-center. However, most roofers use 2×6 and 2×8 rafters. Though important, we’ll leave out the length for now.Ĭommon rafter sizes are 2×4, 2×6, 2×8, 2×10, and 2×12. Size here primarily refers to the dimensions that impact the thickness, thus the width and depth. Rafter Sizeīesides material and grade, consider each rafter’s size. Similarly, you need more rafters when using lower-grade lumber. For instance, weaker softwood lumber, such as spruce, necessitates more rafters per square than a hardwood like oak. The type and grade of the timber matter a lot. Meanwhile, steel offers better strength properties for industrial applications. Wood is the material of choice for residential roof construction. Rafters are typically made from timber or steel. We’ll only consider the six most important ones. Rafter spacing depends on multiple factors. This means measuring from the first rafter’s center to the next rafter’s center. Rafter spacing is measured “Off Center” (OC). Alternatively, it’s a near-horizontal member that doubles up as a roof joist on flat roofs. A rafter is a diagonal framing member on pitched roofs running from the apex of the roof to the roof plate or the eaves. Rafter spacing refers to the horizontal distance between two parallel rafters on a roof. But 24-inch on-center spacing requires 50% fewer rafters, thus significant cost savings. Also, the rafters must be deeper (thicker), of a higher grade/quality, and from a stronger wood species. However, 24-inch on-center spacing exerts about 50% more weight on each rafter than 16-inch on-center spacing. Which is better? This guide explains everything you need to know to make an informed decision.īoth options are practical. But the big dilemma is choosing one between the two. But, more importantly, they’re the sole framing members responsible for distributing roof weight to the walls.įortunately, many roofers and homeowners already understand that 16 and 24-inch on-center are the standard rafter spacing measurements. Roof rafters, the roof framing members running from the wall plate to the roof ridge, must be properly spaced.įor one, they directly impact joist and ceiling spacing and the integrity of the roof deck.
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Evidence for luminance and quasi-sustained color mechanisms.Differences in temporal appearance associated with activity in the chromatic and achromatic systems., Perception & psychophysics 33 (4): 388-90 388-90, 1983.Effect of duration on detection by the chromatic and achromatic systems., Perception & psychophysics 36 (1): 65-7 65-7, 1984.On reaction time histograms., Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) 5 (2): 225-6 225-6, 1985.Retinal differences in light sensitivity., Journal of the American Optometric Association 63 (3): 167-8 167-8, 1992.Reaction time distributions and their relationship to the transient/sustained nature of the neural discharge., Vision research 32 (11): 2087-92 2087-92, 1992.Colour and flicker thresholds for high frequency increments., Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) 13 (3): 299-302 299-302, 1993.Spectral sensitivity of dichromats: role of postreceptoral processes., Vision research 34 (22): 2983-90 2983-90, 1994.Dependence of visual latency on wavelength: predictions of a neural counting model., Journal of the Optical Society of America.Spectral sensitivity as revealed by isolated step onsets and step offsets., Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) 16 (1): 58-63 58-63, 1996. Masking of the achromatic system: implications for saccadic suppression., Vision research 36 (11): 1551-9 1551-9, 1996.Selective masking of the achromatic system can be cortically mediated, Journal of the Optical Society of America A 14 (3): 703-707 703-707, 1997.Pulse-duration threshold functions obtained at the MWS/LWS cone antagonistic locus., Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) 20 (5): 387-90 387-90, 2000.Empiric determination of corrected visual acuity standards for train crews., Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry 82 (8): 774-8 774-8, 2005. There are 10+ professionals named 'Merle Schwartz', who use LinkedIn to exchange information, ideas, and opportunities.
A deal between the overwhelmingly white economic elite and the country’s new political leadership.South Africa’s political settlement was built around four distinct subbargains: This increased the vulnerability of South Africa’s political settlement. There was ample reason for the majority of South Africans to feel that, notwithstanding the promises of mutual benefit, the deck remained stacked against them. Less than a quarter of the total population, including essentially all white South Africans, enjoyed a standard of living that was middle class or better. Gains for the poorest did little to alter their difficult economic and social realities. There were, however, some stark limitations in what was achieved. Increased fiscal space made it possible to broaden access to public services and to social grants, which reduced absolute poverty. Growth began to accelerate, which created new opportunities for expanding the middle class. This enabled the country to move beyond counterproductive conflict and pursue win-win outcomes. The result can be a cascading set of pressures and an accelerating downward spiral.įor the first fifteen years of democracy, South Africa enjoyed the advantages of both effective institutions and a shared willingness of stakeholders believed in the power of cooperation. However, such a benign scenario does not reckon with the ways in which persistent high inequality, accompanied by unresolved tensions between the distribution of economic and political power, can both put pressure on institutions and quickly change hope into anger. Together, ideas and institutions provide credible commitment, which fuels economic growth. Institutions assure that the bargains underpinning cooperation will be monitored and enforced. Ideas offer hope by encouraging cooperation and the pursuit of opportunities for win-win gains. Ideally, ideas, institutions, and growth all reinforce one another in a virtuous developmental spiral. Understanding why this collision occurred and worsened over time is relevant not just for other middle-income countries but also many higher-income democracies wrestling with similar tensions between a declining tolerance for high or rising inequality and institutions that seemed strong in the past but find their legitimacy increasingly being questioned. The collision intensified across the 2010s, resulting in economic stagnation and increasing threats to institutional integrity. Yet starting in the mid-2000s, the country began to experience a disruptive collision between its strong political institutions and massive economic inequality. South Africa was one of the 1990s iconic cases of democratization. If you are looking for a perfectly wonderful gift that speaks of prestige and can add a smile to the face of the sternest Ebenezer Scrooge this just might be it. It arrives in a matching velvet pouch with the royal crest proudly stitched upon it. It comes in three glazed colors: sapphire blue, ruby red, and emerald green. The minimum age of the Whiskies that comprise this malt blend is 21-year-old and it is presented in a shorter, squat porcelain bottle- called a flagon-by the famous British ceramics house of Wade. Given all that back-story, the details all begin to make sense. Upon her coronation, she was greeted with a 21-gun salute, as is the tradition. You see, the current Queen Elizabeth was coronated in 1953 with a royal diadem festooned with rubies, sapphires, and emeralds. Today, Royal Salute is one the most popular Scotch Whisky brands in the world and produce a range of Whiskies for a world-wide audience.Īs good as Royal Salute, Royal Salute 21YO is even more so. Recognizing that they would need a consistent supply of very high-quality malt Whisky, they decided to take charge and blend it themselves, and Strathisla was their source. Stocked in 70 stores Get Price Teachers Highland Cream Blended Scotch Whisky 1Lt. 199.95 Country Scotch Whisky Region Scotch Whisky Distillery/Brand Royal Salute Age 21 year old Whisky Style Blended Whisky Royal Salute 21 Signature An absolute gem of a whisky, the 21 year old Royal Salute Signature Blend is a sophisticated expression. Johnnie Walker Red Blended Scotch Whisky Mini 50ml. The Chivas Brothers-purveyors of gourmet foods and Liqueurs since 1801-received a royal warrant to supply fine Scotch Whisky to Queen Victoria at Balmoral Castle in 1843. Chivas Regal 21YO Royal Salute Blended Scotch Whisky 700ml. Royal Salute is born in the Strathisla Distillery-the oldest continuously operating distillery in Scotland-founded in 1786. A 21 year old blended malt Whisky fit for the Queen.
Tarr highlighted an amendment (#63 filed by Sen. Jamie Eldridge, right, during debate on a firearm reforms package Thursday, Feb. Advocates and lobbyists milled outside the Senate Chamber and chatted with senators, including Sen. The bill would also codify the state’s ban on assault weapons, prohibit devices that convert semi-automatic firearms into fully automatic weapons, ensure gun dealers are inspected annually, and allow health care professionals to ask a court to temporarily remove someone’s firearms if they are deemed dangerous. The Senate bill targets ghost guns - untraceable firearms that can be bought online in parts and assembled at home - by requiring the serialization of gun frames and receivers and classifying those individual parts as firearms, and explicitly prohibiting the use of 3D printers to manufacture or assemble firearms without a license. The Massachusetts’ arm of the National Rifle Association called the bill “punitive” and didn’t support it or any of the 79 amendments senators filed, claiming the bill was “so convoluted that there is no way it can be fixed with amendments.”Ĭreem said she consulted with experts “who specialize in Second Amendment-related issues, including the attorney general’s office,” and was confident that the bill meets constitutional muster. Creem said the Joint Committee on Public Safety and Homeland Security held a hearing on other gun bills last year, giving people interested in the topic an opportunity to be heard. Tarr argued that lawmakers were headed down “a very dangerous path” by not holding a public hearing on the Creem proposal, which was assembled following many private meetings. Thursday and Minority Leader Bruce Tarr wasted no time pointing out some of the issues that Republicans see with the bill, including that it did not get its own public hearing.Ĭreem’s proposal represents the Senate’s long-anticipated response to the bill that cleared the House last fall. The package filed by Majority Leader Creem hit the Senate floor at 12:30 p.m. Cindy Creem of Newton, the main author of the bill. “Although proud that Massachusetts has one of the lowest rates of gun violence in the nation, the members of this body are concerned by every incident of gun violence, every firearm suicide, and every accidental gun injury that occurs in the commonwealth,” said Sen. It passed the Senate on a 37-3 vote shortly after 8 p.m. The Senate bill seeks to rein in untraceable ghost guns, bans carrying firearms in government administrative buildings, gives firearm licensing authorities access to some of an applicant’s mental health hospitalization history, and expands the list of people who can petition the court to take away someone’s guns if they are deemed dangerous. BOSTON - The Senate on Thursday night approved a sweeping overhaul of state firearms laws, setting up talks with the House that could lead to a major new law later this spring or summer. Although there are some steep climbs along the route, it is undeniably worth choosing this route. Its landscapes are without a doubt some of the most beautifulamong all the Camino routes, connecting the sea views and cliffs of the Cantabrian Sea beaches, with the green areas which charcterise the north of Spain. It is the longest route (not including connections) given that it adds up to 820km divided into 32 stages, which travels along all northern Spanish territory, which is why it is sometimes also called the Camino de la Costa. It begins in Basque territory, a community in the north of Spain, specifically in the town of Irún. After the liberation of Spanish territory from the Moors at the beginning of the XII Century, the French route began to gain importance over the Northern route, although it continues to be one of the most important to this day. This was the main alternative route at the time when the Camino Francés was occupied by Muslim troops and therefore all pilgrims, whether from Spain or the rest of Europe, had to journey along this route, the only one which wasn’t occupied. Considered one of the less challenging routes, this one is often chosen by pilgrims wishing to avoid big hills or hard terrain that can be found on other routes, such as the Camino Primitivo. This route stands out due to the combination of cultures it features, as it crosses the two linked territories of Spain and Portugal. The Camino starts in Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, continuing along a 620km route divided into 24 stages to the Cathedral, entering Spanish territory in the Galician town of Tui, one of the most sought-after starting points among those pilgrims who are doing the Camino for the first time or who don’t have enough time to complete the whole route. Nowadays, it has become one of the most important routes of the Camino, being the second-most travelled by pilgrims after the French route. Over time, due to the renown achieved by the Cathedral of Santiago and the remains of the apostle, this route began to be used by believers who wanted to reach Santiago de Compostela and make amends for their sins. It began as a more commercial route following the independence of Portuguese territory from Spain in the XII Century. All this, together with the wide range of services aimed at pilgrims, make this one of the most highly-regarded routes. Along the route you can find magnificent cathedrals and famous churches. It is characterised as being one of the routes with the most cultural and historical heritage for the previously mentioned reasons. This route starts from Saint Jean Pied de Port and travels through northern inland Spain covering 764 km and 33 stages, passing through areas such as Roncesvalles, Pamplona, Burgos and León, among many others. Later, due to the importance given to it by the monarchy, the church or distinguished visitors, it gained renown that was only marred by the Moorish conquest in the XI Century. Moreover, one of the chapters of the famous Codex Calixtinus contains a guide to the Camino Francés, making it the only documented route at that time. Due to its connection with France, all pilgrims who came from mainland Europe had to journey along this route. There are many reasons why it is the most well-known route. In medieval times, this became the main pilgrimage route of the Camino de Santiago and continues to be the most popular nowadays. Once cooked, boba will only be good for up to 6 hours. Leftover boba? Keep it inside a sealed, airtight container. Ice (if you want your drink warm, skip it!).The kits come with tea bags or powder, creamer or syrup, fructose (if you want it), tapioca pearls and flavoured jelly. Your favorite type of milk, to create a milk tea (we recommend whole milk, half and half, or oat milk if going plant-based!) What comes with the bubble tea kits Boba Barista Pearls 9.90.16oz cup (we recommend a clear cup so you can admire your drink, like our MILK+T glass jar).Shaker, blender, or a jug big enough to mix ingredients (scale up for quantity of drinks you'll be making).QR code/link to video and written instructions.Allow the pearls to rest in the calcium lactate solution for ten minutes. Using the dropper/syringe, take up the juice mixture and drop it into the calcium lactate mixture drop-by-drop, forming small balls or pearls. 1/2 pound of uncooked grade A boba balls Let this sit for at least an hour before going to the next step.An instructional video is provided so you can be confident in your brew every step of the way! With do it yourself (DIY) Boba Tea Kits, versatile powders drinks, and tapioca pearls (boba) for toppings, its your one stop Boba Tea shop With nationwide shipping, get your boba tea fix anytime, anywhere - / Save up to Save Save up to Save Sale Sold out In stock. Transfer the cooked tapioca balls to the syrup and mix well. Then cook for a further 3-4 minutes to slightly thicken up. Stir occasionally until the brown sugar has completely dissolved and is simmering. With The Boba Kit, you'll receive enough ingredients to make 4-6 16oz drinks. Add the water and brown sugar to a small saucepan and heat over medium heat. Shake gently and then swirl about ¼ of this solution into your bathtub under running water, allowing. In about 1.5 hours you'll be on your way to getting #bobawasted. Make your bubble bath extra sweet with this DIY recipe of Coxs: In a clean container, mix 1 cup of light oil (almond, sunflower, or canola), ½ cup honey, ½ cup mild liquid hand or body soap, and 1 tablespoon vanilla extract. The Boba Kit by MILK+T contains a starter pack for anyone who wants to learn how to make their own boba milk tea at home! Perfect for a night in, family activity, or even a fun virtual activity (tried and tested via The Boba Class) with a loved one. You can drip the brown sugar syrup with a spoon along the insides of the glass for a Tiger milk tea or Brown sugar milk tea feel just like from the shops Pour in milk (hot or cold). Pour 1 Tbs of Brown Sugar Syrup into the glass. Please be patient as our team fulfills everything in a timely and safe manner! :) Thank you for supporting! Assemble: Place half a glass of ice into a cup. If the power goes out in the middle of a storage event in a conventional "SD Card" system and the entire file can be lost. While both our datalog storage system and a conventional "SD Card" storage systems utilize flash storage technology our storage system concatenates each event or data at the end of the file using a simple pointer system where the pointers stored in EEPROM and the data is stored sequentially after the last event. The Tactical Flow Meter boasts a power fail tolerant datalog storage system that is a significant improvement over conventional "SD Card" file storage/file management systems. The video below shows how the Tactical Flow Meter works and what advantages it has over conventional Thermal Mass Flowmeters. Digital communications solutions include: Modbus RTU, USB, & Bluetooth.Output signals: Modbus RTU, USB-RS-232, 4–20 mA, 0–5 VDC, and User definable pulse output or frequency for totalized or flow rate indication.Wetted Materials: Nylon 6/6, 6061T6 Aluminum, & 316 stainless-steel.Power Requirement: 18 to 30 VDC (regulated), 125 mA maximum.Adjustable Response time from 0.1 to 6 seconds to achieve 63% of final value.Flammable gases: methane, propane, digester gas, natural gas.Measures any inert gas and any non-condensing clean gas.Repeatability of +/- 0.2% of full scale.Accuracy: +/- 1% of reading plus +/-0.5% of full scale.Custom flows available, just note what you need. Choose Air Flow ranges 0- 10, 15, and 0-20 SCFM.Very low pressure drop for Natural Gas Flow Measurement into boilers.Choose Material 316 SS, 6061 T6 Aluminum or Nylon 6/6.1" NPT 0-20 SCFM Thermal Mass Flow Meter for Natural Gas - Low-pressure drop Natural Gas Thermal Mass Flow Meter for Boilers Specifications |
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